Companies

2 Matter Plans Included

ALERTS - Nil
Full Commentary - Companies
Reference materials
- Electronic Signing and Witnessing
- Business Structures and the Comparative Table
- Looking to the Future
- Further information
Overview including business structures

The most important feature of a company as a business structure is that it is recognised in law as a separate legal entity. It has its own rights and obligations entirely separate to those of its shareholders, directors, managers, employees, and agents. Companies exist in their own right as long as ...
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Summary of the process

The usual steps in acting for a client establishing a company are:
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A. Getting the matter underway
- File cover sheet - Companies
- To do list - Companies
- First steps
- Retainer instructions - Companies - Incorporation
- Retainer instructions - Companies - Shareholders agreement
- Compliance documents
  - Client Due Diligence and Anti-money Laundering Guidance
  - Client Details, Identity Verification and Source of Funds
  - Conflict of interest check
  - Client and matter risk assessment
  - If required - Reporting an issue
    
    Anti-money laundering internal disclosure
- Initial letter to client enclosing Client Care and Terms of Business - Companies
- Enclosures for initial letter to client
  - Client care information
  - Terms of business
  - Scope of work - Companies
  - A summary of the process of setting up a company
- Time and costs estimates
- If required - Letter to client varying the Client Care and Terms of Business
  - Letter to client varying the Client Care and Terms of Business
- General deeds, agreements, statements, declarations, consents, and execution clauses
  - Deeds and agreements
  - Deeds
    
    Deed for general use
    
    Deed of assignment of agreement
    
    Deed of assignment of agreement with consent
    
    Deed of assignment of an insurance policy
    
    Deed of assignment of equitable interest in residential land
    
    Deed of gift
    
    Deed of guarantee
    
    Deed of release
    
    Deed of release and grant
    
    General deed of indemnity
    
    Library of standard clauses for deeds
    
    Amendment
    
    Confidentiality
    
    Confidentiality - Extensive
    
    Costs
    
    Counterparts
    
    Dispute resolution
    
    Events beyond control
    
    Governing law and jurisdiction
    
    Interpretation
    
    No assignment
    
    Notices
    
    Severance
    
    Third parties
    
    Waiver
    
    Whole agreement
  - Agreements
    
    Agreement for general use
    
    Boundary agreement
    
    Confidentiality agreement
    
    Construction agreement
    
    Heads of agreement
    
    Library of standard clauses for agreements
    
    Amendment
    
    Confidentiality
    
    Confidentiality - Extensive
    
    Costs
    
    Counterparts
    
    Dispute resolution
    
    Events beyond control
    
    Governing law and jurisdiction
    
    Interpretation
    
    No assignment
    
    Notices
    
    Severance
    
    Third parties
    
    Waiver
    
    Whole agreement
  - Statements and declarations
    
    Statement of truth
    
    Statement of truth - High Court
    
    Statutory declaration
    
    Statutory declaration of solvency
    
    Affidavit - General
    
    Exhibit sheet for affidavits - General
    
    Witness statement - Family matters
    
    Exhibit sheet to witness statement - Family matters
    
    Witness statement - Civil matters
    
    Exhibit sheet to witness statement - Civil matters
  - Execution clauses
    
    Execution clauses - Agreements and contracts
    
    Execution clauses - Deeds
    
    Execution clauses - Overseas companies
  - Consents
    
    If required - Personal data consent - General
    
    Letter to client enclosing consent - General
    
    Letter to third party enclosing consent - General
    
    General letter enclosing client consent
    
    General letter enclosing third party consent
    
    Consent to provide information - General
    
    Consent to provide information - General - Third party
    
    If required - Personal data consent - Health professional
    
    Letter to client enclosing consent - Health professional
    
    Letter to third party enclosing consent - Health professional
    
    Letter to doctor enclosing client consent
    
    Letter to doctor enclosing third party consent
    
    Consent to provide information - Health professional
    
    Consent to provide information - Health professional - Third party
    
    Change of name
    
    Change of name deed for an adult - Concise
    
    Change of name deed for a minor - Concise
    
    If required - Enrolment by an adult
    
    Change of name deed for an adult - For enrolment
    
    Statutory declaration - Enrolment of adult change of name deed
    
    Notice for the London Gazette on the change of name of an adult
    
    Consent to enrolment of change of name of an adult
    
    If required - Enrolment by a minor
    
    Change of name deed for a minor - For enrolment
    
    Statutory declaration - Enrolment of minor change of name deed
    
    Affidavit of best interest for the change of name of a minor
    
    Consent to enrolment of change of name of a minor
B. Setting up a company
- Companies House
  
  Companies House is an executive agency of the UK government responsible for incorporating, registering, and dissolving limited companies in England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland each have their own Companies House for incorporating companies within their jurisdictions.
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- Application to register a company
- Companies House – Register your company
- Company name
  
  Choosing a company name is important for credibility and marketing reasons. It should be attended to at the earliest possible time. Companies House will reject the proposed name if:
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- Letter to company giving notice of non-compliant company name
- Company type
  
  Once it has been determined that a company structure is most appropriate, a decision will need to be made as to what type of company best suits the client’s needs. In the majority of cases, it will be a private limited company.
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- Principle business activity – SIC codes
  
  When registering a company, it is necessary to indicate its principal business activity on the Application to Register a Company, form IN01. This is done by selecting a Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code – used by Companies House to classify the type of activity in which a company will ...
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- Statement of lawful purpose
- Registered office
  
  When registering a company, the address of its registered office is provided on the application form IN01, which is the general form for applying to register a company. This is the company’s official address for communications from Companies House and HM Revenue & Customs. It is also the ...
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- Letter to company giving notice of registered office requirements
- Letter to company giving notice of registered email address requirements
- Letter to Companies House giving notice of change of registered email address
- Company officers, members, people with significant control
  
  Company officers
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- Shareholders
  - Shareholders agreements
    
    A shareholders agreement may be used to govern arrangements, rights, and obligations between the company’s shareholders and the relationship between those shareholders and the company’s management. This can include specific aspects of how the company is run. Shareholders agreements are particularly ...
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  - Shareholders agreement - Concise
  - Shareholders agreement - Extensive
  - Letter to client with draft shareholders agreement
- Directors and other officers
  - Appointment of directors
    
    Directors can be appointed or removed at any time under the provisions of Part 10 of the Companies Act 2006 and the model articles of association. Bespoke articles of association and shareholders agreements may also contain provisions that determine how directors may be appointed and removed ...
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  - Appointment of a director
  - Appointment of corporate director
  - Consent to act as a director
  - Register of directors
  - Powers of a director
    
    General powers of a director The company’s articles of association and any shareholders agreement specify the range of activity that the company may engage in and defines the powers delegated from the company to the directors.
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  - Directors’ duties
    
    Equity imposes certain fiduciary duties on directors. Chapter 2 of Part 10 of the Act, ss 170–177, codifies the general duties of directors, including their fiduciary duties. However, the duty to be loyal to the company is an equitable duty.
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  - Directors’ service contracts
    
    A contract between the company and its directors, setting out their specific role and agreed remuneration, can be a useful document to aid management and minimise disputes, even in a small private company. Such a contract might be used instead of, or in addition to, any shareholders agreement.
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  - Director's service agreement
  - Consent to act as a secretary
  - Appointment of secretary
  - Consent to becoming a member
- Articles of association
  
  The articles of association are the rules by which a company operates. Most new companies simply use the model articles provided in The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008. If the model articles do not appropriately or sufficiently set out the company's operation, they may be altered as ...
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- Letter to client advising on memorandum and articles of association
- Library of memorandum and articles of association
  - Company not having a share capital
  - Company having a share capital
  - Articles of association for a private company limited by shares
  - Articles of association for a private company limited by guarantee
  - Articles of association for a property management company
  - Model articles for private companies limited by shares
  - Model articles for private companies limited by guarantee
- Letter to client to make appointment to sign documentation required for incorporation
- Letter to client advising that the company has been incorporated
- Shares
  - Shares
    
    Part 17 of the Companies Act 2006 deals with company shares, including classes of shares, share rights, issue, and redemption. Companies can issue various types or classes of shares with various rights attached to them. The types, classes, and rights are set out in the company’s statement of ...
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  - Share certificates
    
    Each shareholder's share certificates are issued within two months of their shares being issued. There is no prescribed form, but share certificates should contain the following information:
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  - Share certificate
  - Letter to client with draft agreement for sale of shares
  - Agreement for sale of shares - Concise
  - Agreement for sale of shares - Extensive - Company takeover
  - Deed of trust for purchase of shares by trustee
  - Letter to shareholder notifying them of buyback request
  - Shareholder consent - Buyback
  - Letter to existing shareholders setting out effects of buyback
  - Letter from company in response to shareholder's buyback request
  - Letter to shareholder when buyback not permitted by articles of association
  - Letter to shareholder requesting bank account details for buyback of shares
  - Letter informing shareholder that their shares have been cancelled
  - Letter to shareholder confirming payment for buyback
  - Letter to Companies House following buyback
  - Library of option precedents
    
    Option to purchase shares agreement
    
    Notice of exercise of option to purchase
    
    Put and call option agreement
    
    No assignment
    
    Notice of exercise of put option
    
    Notice of exercise of call option
    
    Notice of appointment of nominee
    
    Letter to seller's solicitor exercising option
    
    Letter to buyer’s solicitor exercising option
- Registration for corporation tax
  
  A company must be registered online with HM Revenue & Customs no later than three months after starting any business activity. For new companies, the registration process with Companies House automatically registers them with HMRC for corporation tax online. At the point of registration, a ...
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- Sign in using Government Gateway
- If required - Library of precedents for small business clients
  - Agreement for supply of goods and services
  - Credit application
  - Data protection policy for a business
  - Dispatch and delivery policy
  - Director guarantee
  - Example - Full VAT invoice
  - Example - Job descriptions
  - Example - Modified VAT invoice
  - Example - Simple VAT invoice
  - Liability waiver and consent
  - Returns and refunds policy
  - Terms of trade
  - Website terms of use for advertising and booking personal services
  - Website terms of use for downloadable online products
  - Website terms of use for physical products
C. Running a company
- Register of directors
- Register of members
- Register of persons with significant control
- Meetings
  
  Directors and shareholders of companies make important decisions for and about their companies by holding meetings. Directors’ meetings need only involve the directors. Members’ meetings, also called general meetings, involve members and directors.
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- Letter to shareholders giving notice of meeting
- Proxy appointment
- Minutes of meeting - General
- Minutes of meeting - Directors
- Minutes of meeting - Transfer of shares
- Minutes of meeting - Annual financial accounts and solvency
- Resolutions
  
  Directors and shareholders make decisions for the company at meetings by voting on resolutions. There are two types of resolutions: ordinary and special.
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- Resolution of meeting - General
- Resolution of meeting - Transfer of shares
- Resolution of meeting - Annual financial accounts and solvency
- Written resolution - General template
- Special resolutions
  
  A special resolution must be passed by a majority of not less than 75% of those entitled to vote. The company’s articles of association and any shareholders agreement will specify any decisions which must be made by special resolution. A resolution is not a special resolution unless the ...
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- Letter to shareholders giving special notice of resolution
- Written special resolution on change of name
- If required - Alterations to articles of association
  - Resolution of meeting - Amending articles of association
  - Written resolution - Amending articles of association
  - Notice of removal of restriction on the company's articles
  - Statement of compliance where amendment of articles restricted
- Records
  
  Companies must keep both the company administrative records and the financial records of any business they undertake.
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- Filing accounts and tax returns
  
  There are several filing obligations with Companies House. Failure to file could lead to fines being imposed against the company and sanctions against its directors.
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- Letter to client enclosing deadlines for filing company documents and paying tax
- Enclosure - Deadlines for filing company documents and paying tax
- Letter to client with dates to file accounts
- Directors report for end of financial year
- Companies House - Changes to company details
- Issuing new shares
  
  A company may decide to issue new shares to raise funds or bring new people into the company. Unless the company’s articles of association contain any restrictions, there is no limit to the number of shares a company can issue. When a company issues new shares Companies House must be notified ...
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- Return of allotment of shares
- Share certificate
- Transferring existing shares
  
  Subject to any restrictions imposed by the company’s articles of association and any shareholders agreement, shareholders may sell or gift their shares. Shares may also be bequeathed by a shareholder’s will or form part of their residual estate, including on an intestacy.
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- Stock transfer form
- Indemnity for lost share certificate
- Consent to becoming a member
- Register of members
- Director guarantee
- Change of details of individual person with significant control (PSC)
- Notice of individual person with significant control (PSC)
- Notice of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control
- Notice of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control
- Tax
  
  Tax is levied on the profits of limited companies at the corporation tax rate. Previously there were two rates, the main rate and the small profits rate, but this distinction is now only historical. The single rate, still widely known as the main rate, now applies to all company taxation, with some ...
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- Getting money out
  
  It is essential that directors do not withdraw more than the profit which remains after tax and other financial liabilities have been considered. The four ways money may be taken out of a limited company by a director are:
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- Director loans
  
  According to s 197(1) of the Companies Act 2006, a company may make a loan to a director of the company, or give any guarantee or provide security in connection with a loan made by any person to a director if the transaction has been approved by a resolution of the company’s members. Before ...
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- Director's loan agreement
- Annual confirmation statement
  
  All companies provide a confirmation statement, previously called a company return, to Companies House at least once every 12 months, even if the company is dormant or not trading. This is done online or via a Confirmation Statement, form CS01. The confirmation statement aims to ensure that ...
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- Confirmation statement
- Third party dealings with a company
  
  Section 39 of the Companies Act 2006 provides that the validity of an act done by a company shall not be called into question on the ground of lack of capacity by reason of anything in the company’s constitution. This means that third parties dealing with companies can assume that they are ...
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- Financing the company
  
  It is inevitable that at some stage in its life a company will incur debts – debts that can be immediately enforced by the creditor or debts which become due when certain events occur or after a period of time. In either event, the debts of a company can determine how it continues to trade or ...
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- MR01 - Particulars of a charge - guidance
- Particulars of a charge
- Particulars of a charge where there is no instrument
- Registration of a charge out of time
  
  Under s 859F of the Companies Act 2006, an application can be made for an order to extend the time to register the charge using a Claim Form LOC009 (CPR Part 8) (Appendix A, B, and C). The form contains further guidance. A witness statement from the practitioner is required explaining exactly ...
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- Claim form (CPR Part 8) (Appendix A, B and C)
- Shareholders and liquidation
  
  Holders of preferred shares take priority if a company goes into liquidation. Their claims rank before ordinary shareholders. However, all shareholders, regardless of the class of their shares, rank behind ordinary creditors, whether secured or unsecured. Where a company is insolvent all ...
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- Proceedings involving a company
  
  A company is sued or sues in its own capacity as a legal entity.
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- Derivative claims
  
  A derivative action is an action which is brought by a minority of a company’s shareholders in their own names on behalf of the company. It is the primary exception to the rule that a company itself is the proper plaintiff in respect of a wrong suffered by it. The action is taken by a shareholder ...
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- Acting as a supplier
  
  When a company is acting as a supplier, it can be difficult to secure a debt that a purchaser owes under a supply contract. If the purchaser is a company, a search with Companies House will clarify their financial and structural standing.
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- Retention of title clause for use in a supplier contract
- Library of Companies House forms
  - Guidance and Notes
    
    Particulars of a charge - guidance
    
    Particulars of a charge subject to which property or undertaking has been acquired - guidance
    
    Statement of satisfaction in full or part of a charge - guidance
    
    Statement that part or the whole of the property charged (a) has been released from the charge (b) no longer forms part of the company’s property - guidance
  - Change of accounting reference date
  - Dormant company accounts (DCA)
  - Change of registered office address
  - Statement of guarantee by a parent undertaking of a subsidiary company
  - Notification of single alternative inspection location (SAIL)
  - Change of location of the company records to the single alternative inspection location (SAIL)
  - Change of location of the company records to the registered office
  - Notice to change the situation of an England and Wales company to a Welsh company
  - Notice of opening of overseas branch register
  - Notice of discontinuance of overseas branch register
  - Appointment of a director
  - Appointment of corporate director
  - Appointment of secretary
  - Appointment of corporate secretary
  - Appointment of a manager under Section 47 of the Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004 or receiver and manager under Section 18 of the Charities Act 1993 or judicial factor (Scotland)
  - Annual return
  - AR01 (Continuation) Corporate secretary
  - AR01 (Continuation) Corporate director
  - AR01 (Continuation) Director
  - AR01 (Continuation) List of past and present shareholders
  - AR01 (Continuation) Secretary
  - AR01 (Continuation) Shareholders who hold at least 5 of any class of share(s) of the company as at the made up date of this return
  - AR01 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - AR01 (Continuation) Voting rights
  - Notice of restrictions on the company's articles
  - Notice of removal of restriction on the company's articles
  - Statement of compliance where amendment of articles restricted
  - Statement of company's objects
  - Change of constitution by enactment
  - Change of constitution by order of court or other authority
  - Change of director's details
  - Change of corporate director's details
  - Change of secretary's details
  - Change of corporate secretary's details
  - Change of service address for manager appointed under Section 47 of the Companies Act (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) 2004 or receiver and manager under Section 18 of the Charities Act 1993 or judicial factor (Scotland)
  - Confirmation statement
  - CS01 (Continuation) Prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares
  - CS01 (Continuation) Prescribed particulars
  - CS01 (Continuation) Shareholder information change
  - CS01 (Continuation) Shareholder information for a non-traded company
  - CS01 (Continuation) Shareholder information for certain traded companies (not DTR5) (further shareholders)
  - CS01 (Continuation) Registered email address
  - CS01 (Continuation) Shareholder information for certain traded companies (not DTR5)
  - CS01 (Continuation) Standard industrial classification (SIC) code change
  - CS01 (Continuation) Statement of capital change
  - CS01 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - CS01 (Continuation) Trading status of shares and exemption from keeping a register of people with significant control (PSC)
  - Striking off application by a company
  - DS01 (Continuation) Name(s) and signature(s) of the director(s)
  - Appointment of corporate manager of an EEIG
  - Change of manager’s details of a UKEIG
  - Withdrawal of striking off application by company
  - Change of corporate manager’s details of a UKEIG
  - Appointment of manager of a UKEIG
  - Registration of establishment of EEIG whose official address is outside the UK
  - EE FM02 (Continuation) Corporate member
  - EE FM02 (Continuation) Member
  - Notice of documents and particulars required to be filed for a UKEIG or EEIG establishment
  - Notice of setting up or closure of an establishment of an EEIG whose official address is outside the UK
  - Registration of alternative name of EEIG establishment
  - Registration of alternative name of EEIG establishment in substitution for name previously approved
  - Termination of appointment of manager of an UKEIG
  - Withdrawal of election to keep information from register of directors on the central (public) register
  - Withdrawal of election to keep information from register of directors' usual residential addresses on the central (public) register
  - Withdrawal of election to keep information from register of secretaries on the central (public) register
  - Withdrawal of election to keep information from register of people with significant control (PSC) on the central (public) register
  - Withdrawal of election to keep members information on the central (public) register
  - Election to keep information from register of directors on the central (public) register
  - Election to keep information from register of secretaries on the central (public) register
  - Election to keep information from register of people with significant control (PSC) on the (public) register
  - Election to keep information from register of members on the central (public) register
  - EH05 (Continuation) Companies with share capital
  - EH05 (Continuation) Companies without share capital
  - Update to members' information held on the central (public) register
  - EH06 (Continuation) Details of new members Part C
  - EH06 (Continuation) Details of new members Part B
  - Notice of intention to carry on business as an investment company
  - Notice that a company no longer wishes to be an investment company
  - Application to register a company
  - IN01 (Continuation) Corporate director
  - IN01 (Continuation) Corporate secretary
  - IN01 (Continuation) Director
  - IN01 (Continuation) Individual PSC
  - IN01 (Continuation) Initial shareholdings
  - IN01 (Continuation) Other registrable person (ORP)
  - IN01 (Continuation) Relevant legal entity (RLE)
  - IN01 (Continuation) Secretary
  - IN01 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - IN01 (Continuation) Statement of compliance delivered by the subscribers
  - IN01 (Continuation) Statement of capital (Prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares)
  - IN01 (Continuation) Subscriber's details
  - Change of accounting reference date of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Statement of guarantee by a parent undertaking of a subsidiary Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Change of registered office address of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notification of single alternative inspection location (SAIL) of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Change of location of the records to the single alternative inspection (SAIL) of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Change of location of the records to the registered office of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notice to change the situation of the England and Wales Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Appointment of member of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Appointment of corporate member of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Appointment of judicial factor to a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Annual return of a LLP
  - LL AR01 (Continuation) Member
  - LL AR01 (Continuation) Corporate member
  - Confirmation statement for a LLP
  - Change of details of a corporate member of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notice of change of name of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notice of change of status of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Change of details of a member of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Application for the incorporation of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notice of individual person with significant control (PSC) of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Change of details of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Termination of appointment of member of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Termination of appointment of judicial factor (Scotland) of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - LL IN01 (Continuation) Other registrable person (ORP)
  - LL IN01 (Continuation) Corporate member
  - LL IN01 (Continuation) Individual PSC
  - LL IN01 (Continuation) Member
  - Statement of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) acting as a Trustee
  - LL IN01 (Continuation) Relevant legal entity (RLE)
  - Change of service address for a judicial factor (Scotland) of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notice of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notice of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Change of details of individual person with significant control (PSC) of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notice of ceasing to be an individual person with significant control (PSC) of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Change of details of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Notification of PSC statements for a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Update to PSC statements for a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Election to keep information from register of LLP members' on the central (public) register
  - Election to keep information from register of LLP members' residential address on the central (public) register
  - Withdrawal of election to keep information from register of LLP members on the central (public) register
  - Withdrawal of election to keep information from register of LLP members' residential addresses on the central (public) register
  - Election to keep information from register of people with significant control on the central (public) register for a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Withdrawal of election to keep information from register of people with significant control (PSC) on the central public register for a limited liability partnership (LLP)
  - Notice of appointment of an administrative receiver, receiver or manager LLP
  - Notice of ceasing to act as an administrative receiver, receiver or manager for a LLP
  - Particulars of a charge subject to which property or undertaking has been acquired by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Withdrawal of striking off application by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Particulars for the registration of a charge to secure a series of debentures by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Particulars of a charge created by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) where there is no instrument
  - Statement of satisfaction in full or in part of a charge by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - LL MR08 (Continuation) Nature of the charge
  - LL MR08 (Continuation) Persons entitled to the charge
  - LL MR09 (Continuation) Description of property or undertaking
  - LL MR09 (Continuation) Nature of the charge
  - LL MR09 (Continuation) Obligations secured by the charge
  - LL MR09 (Continuation) Persons entitled to the charge
  - Particulars of a charge subject to which property or undertaking has been acquired by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) where there is no instrument
  - LL MR08 (Continuation) Obligations secured by the charge
  - LL MR08 (Continuation) Description of property or undertaking
  - LL MR10 (Continuation) Description of property or undertaking
  - Particulars of alteration of a charge (particulars of a negative pledge) for a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - LL MR10 (Continuation) Nature of the charge
  - LL MR10 (Continuation) Obligations secured by the charge
  - Particulars for the registration of a charge to secure a series of debentures by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) where there is no instrument
  - LL MR05 (Continuation) Description of assets or property
  - LL MR05 (Continuation) Description of instrument (if any)
  - LL MR05 (Continuation) Short particulars of the property or undertaking charged
  - Statement that part or the whole of the property charged (a) has been released from the charge (b) no longer forms part of the Limited Liability Partnership's (LLP) property or undertaking
  - Particulars of an instrument of alteration to a floating charge created by a limited liability partnership registered in Scotland
  - Application for administrative restoration of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) to the register
  - Replacement of document not meeting requirements for proper delivery for a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - LL MR07 (Continuation) Description of instrument (if any)
  - LL MR07 (Continuation) Short particulars of the property or undertaking charged
  - LL MR04 (Continuation) Description of instrument (if any)
  - LL MR04 (Continuation) Short particulars of the property or undertaking charged
  - Application for Registration of a limited partnership in Scotland
  - Application for designation as a private fund limited partnership
  - Application for registration of a limited partnership in England, Wales or Northern Ireland as a private fund limited partnership
  - LP5(s) (Continuation) Individual PSC
  - LP5(s) (Continuation) Relevant legal entity (RLE)
  - LP5(s) (Continuation) Other registrable person (ORP)
  - LP7(s) (Continuation) Individual PSC
  - LP7(s) (Continuation) Relevant legal entity (RLE)
  - LP7(s) (Continuation) Other registrable person (ORP)
  - Particulars of a charge
  - MR08 (Continuation) Description of property or undertaking
  - MR08 (Continuation) Nature of the charge
  - Statement of company acting as a trustee
  - MR08 (Continuation) Obligations secured by the charge
  - MR08 (Continuation) Persons entitled to the charge
  - Particulars of a charge where there is no instrument
  - Notice of ceasing to act as an administrative receiver, receiver or manager
  - Notice of appointment of an administrative receiver, receiver or manager
  - MR04 (Continuation) Description of instrument
  - MR04 (Continuation) Short particulars of the property or undertaking charged
  - MR09 (Continuation) Persons entitled to the charge
  - MR09 (Continuation) Obligations secured by the charge
  - MR09 (Continuation) Nature of the charge
  - MR09 (Continuation) Description of property or undertaking
  - Particulars of a charge subject to which property or undertaking has been acquired where there is no instrument
  - MR05 (Continuation) Description of instrument
  - MR05 (Continuation) Description of assets or property
  - Statement that part or the whole of the property charged (a) has been released from the charge (b) no longer forms part of the company’s property or undertaking
  - MR05 (Continuation) Short particulars of the property or undertaking charged
  - MR07 (Continuation) Description of instrument
  - MR07 (Continuation) Short particulars of the property or undertaking charged
  - Particulars for the registration of a charge to secure a series of debentures where there is no instrument
  - MR10 (Continuation) Obligations secured by the charge
  - MR10 (Continuation) Description of property or undertaking
  - MR10 (Continuation) Nature of the charge
  - Particulars of alteration of charge (particulars of a negative pledge)
  - Particulars of a charge subject to which property has been acquired by a company registered in Scotland
  - MG06s (Continuation) Amount secured
  - MG06s (Continuation) Mortgagee(s) or person(s) entitled to the charge
  - MG06s (Continuation) Short particulars of all the property charged
  - Application for registration of a limited partnership in England, Wales or Northern Ireland
  - LL DS01 (Continuation) Authentication of the member(s)
  - Second filing of a document previously delivered for a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Certified voluntary translation of an original document that is or has been delivered to the Registrar of Companies for a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Striking off application by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Particulars of a charge subject to which property or undertaking has been acquired
  - Election to keep information from register of directors' residential address on the central (public) register
  - Application for registration of a limited partnership in Scotland as a private fund limited partnership
  - Termination of appointment of director
  - Statement of satisfaction in full or in part of a charge
  - Termination of appointment of secretary
  - Notice of change of name by resolution
  - Return of allotment of shares
  - Notice of consolidation, sub-division, redemption of shares or re-conversion of stock into shares
  - Return of purchase of own shares
  - Notice of sale or transfer of treasury shares
  - SH05 (Continuation) Statement of capital (prescribed particulars of right attached to shares)
  - SH05 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - Notice of cancellation of treasury shares
  - SH06 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - SH06 (Continuation) Statement of capital (prescribed particulars of right attached to shares)
  - Notice of cancellation of shares
  - Notice of cancellation of shares held by or for a public company
  - SH07 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - SH07 (Continuation) Statement of capital (prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares)
  - Notice of name or other designation of class of shares
  - Return of allotment by an unlimited company allotting a new class of shares
  - SH09 (Continuation) Prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares
  - Stock transfer form
  - Particulars of a charge created by a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
  - Company having a share capital
  - Company not having a share capital
  - Notice of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control
  - Notice of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control
  - Notice of individual person with significant control (PSC)
  - Change of details of individual person with significant control (PSC)
  - Change of details of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control
  - Notice confirming satisfaction of the conditional resolution for change of name
  - Notice of ceasing to be an individual person with significant control (PSC), relevant legal entity (RLE), or other registrable person (ORP)
  - Notice of change of name by resolution of directors
  - Notice of change of name by conditional resolution
  - Change of details of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control
  - Notification of PSC statements
  - Request to seek comments of government department or other specified body on change of name
  - Notice of change of name by means provided for in the articles
  - Written special resolution on change of name
  - Special resolution on change of name
  - Special, written or ordinary resolution
  - Update to PSC statements
  - SH02 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - SH02 (Continuation) Statement of capital (prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares)
  - SH01 (Continuation) Shares allotted
  - Notice of name or other designation of class of members
  - Termination of appointment of manager under Section 47 of the Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004 or receiver and manager under Section 18 of the Charities Act 1993 or judicial factor (Scotland)
  - SH01 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - SH01 (Continuation) Statement of capital (prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares)
  - SH15 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - Notice of reduction of capital following redenomination
  - Notice of particulars of variation of rights attached to shares
  - SH10 (Continuation) Details of variation of rights
  - Notice of new class of members
  - SH14 (Continuation) Statement of capital (prescribed particulars of right attached to shares)
  - Exemption from requirement as to use of limited or cyfyngedig on change of name
  - SH14 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - Notice of redenomination
  - Notice by the company of application to court for cancellation of the special resolution approving a redemption or purchase of shares out of capital
  - SH15 (Continuation) Statement of capital (prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares)
  - SH11 (Continuation) Rights attached to class members
  - Notice of application to court to cancel share warrants
  - Notice of particulars of variation of class rights
  - SH12 (Continuation) Variation in the rights of the class members
  - SH19 (Continuation) Prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares
  - SH19 (Continuation) Share capital
  - Statement of capital for reduction supported by solvency statement or court order
  - SH19 (Section 7.2) (Continuation) Share capital
  - SH16 (Continuation) Signature(s) of applicant(s) or person who made the application on their behalf
  - Notice by applicants of application to court for cancellation of the special resolution approving a redemption or purchase of shares out of capital
  - Statement of capital on cancellation of share warrants
  - SH19 (Section 7.2) (Continuation) Prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares
  - Application for trading certificate for a public company
  - Notice of non-assenting shareholders
  - Notice to non-assenting shareholders (pursuant to Section 984(3) of the Companies Act 2006)
  - Application by a private company for re-registration as a public company
  - Application by an unlimited company for re-registration as a private limited company
  - Notice by the company of application to the court for cancellation of resolution for re-registration
  - Particulars of an instrument of alteration to a floating charge created by a company registered in Scotland
  - RR04 (Continuation) Signatures
  - Notice by the applicants of application to the court for cancellation of resolution for re-registration
  - RR05 (Continuation) Authentication
  - Application by a private limited company for re-registration as an unlimited company
  - Application by a public company for re-registration as a private limited company following a court order reducing capital
  - Form of assent for re-registration of private limited company as unlimited
  - RR07 (Continuation) Authentication
  - Statutory declaration relating to a notice to non-assenting shareholders
  - Application by a public company for re-registration as a private unlimited company
  - Statement of capital (Section 108)
  - Form of assent for re-registration of public company as private and unlimited
  - Application by a public company for re-registration as a private company following a cancellation of shares
  - SH19 (Section 108) (Continuation) Prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares
  - SH19 (Section 108) (Continuation) Share capital
  - Application for administrative restoration to the register
  - Replacement of document not meeting requirements for proper delivery
  - Application by a public company for re-registration as a private limited company
  - Second filing of a document previously delivered
  - Correction of a director’s date of birth which was incorrectly stated on incorporation
  - RP07 (Continuation) Reason for application
  - Application to change an address
  - Certified voluntary translation of an original document that is or been delivered to Registrar of Companies
  - Particulars for the registration of a charge to secure a series of debentures
  - Correction of the date of birth of a member of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) which was incorrectly stated on incorporation
  - Statement specifying the nature of a change in the limited partnership
  - Registration of an overseas company opening a UK establishment
  - OS IN01 (Continuation) Person authorised
  - OS IN01 (Continuation) Permanent representative
  - OS IN01 (Continuation) Corporate director
  - OS IN01 (Continuation) Director
  - OS IN01 (Continuation) Corporate secretary
  - OS IN01 (Continuation) Secretary
  - Appointment of judicial factor (Scotland) for an overseas company
  - Appointment of corporate director of an overseas company
  - Appointment of director of an overseas company
  - Appointment of corporate secretary of an overseas company
  - Change of details of a director of an overseas company
  - Appointment by an overseas company of a person authorised to accept service of documents on behalf of the company in respect of a UK establishment
  - Appointment by an overseas company of a person authorised to represent the company as a permanent representative in respect of a UK establishment
  - Appointment of secretary of an overseas company
  - Change of details of a secretary of an overseas company
  - Change of details of a corporate director of an overseas company
  - Change of details by an overseas company for a person authorised to represent the company
  - Change of details by an overseas company for a person authorised to accept service of documents on behalf of the company in respect of a UK establishment
  - Termination of appointment of director of an overseas company
  - Change of details of a corporate secretary of an overseas company
  - Termination of appointment of secretary of an overseas company
  - Return by a UK establishment of an overseas company for change of details
  - Termination of appointment by an overseas company of a person authorised to accept service of documents or person authorised to represent the company in respect of a UK establishment
  - Return by an overseas company of change of UK establishment relating to constitutional documents
  - Termination of appointment of judicial factor (Scotland) of an overseas company
  - Return by an overseas company of an alteration to constitutional documents
  - Notification of draft terms of conversion of United Kingdom Societas (UKS) to a Public Limited Company (PLC)
  - Statement of details of parent law and other information for an overseas company
  - Return of alteration of manner of compliance with accounting requirements
  - OS DS01 (Continuation page) UK establishment details
  - Appointment of a member of a supervisory organ of a United Kingdom Societas (UKS)
  - Notice of closure of a UK establishment of an overseas company
  - OS MG02 (Continuation) Short particulars of all the property mortgaged or charged
  - Statement of satisfaction in full or in part of a mortgage or charge for an overseas company
  - Termination of appointment of member of a supervisory organ of a United Kingdom Societas (UKS)
  - OS TN01 (Continuation) Person authorised to accept service
  - Appointment of corporate member of a supervisory organ of a United Kingdom Societas (UKS)
  - Change of service address for a judicial factor (Scotland) of an overseas company
  - OS TN01 (Continuation) Permanent representative
  - Notice of location or change in location of instruments creating charges and register of charges for an overseas company
  - Registration of change of name of overseas company as registered in the UK
  - OS MG02 (Continuation) Name and address of chargee(s) or trustee(s) for the debenture holders
  - Return by an overseas company for a change of company details
  - Transitional return by a UK establishment of an overseas company
  - Change of corporate member’s details of a supervisory organ of a United Kingdom Societas (UKS)
  - Amendment of statutes of a United Kingdom Societas (UKS)
  - OS MG01 (Continuation) Amount secured
  - OS MG01 (Continuation) Mortgagee(s) or person(s) entitled to the charge
  - Change of member's details of a supervisory organ of a United Kingdom Societas (UKS)
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Individual PSC
  - OS MG01 (Continuation) Short particulars of all the property charged
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Director
  - Particulars of a mortgage or charge by an overseas company
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Corporate secretary
  - Particulars of an issue of secured debentures in a series for an overseas company
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Statement of capital
  - OS MG01 (Continuation) Statement in the case of a floating charge as to any restrictions on power to grant further securities and any ranking provision
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Secretary
  - OS MG03 (Continuation) Short particulars of all the property mortgaged or charged
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Relevant legal entity (RLE)
  - OS MG03 (Continuation) Name and address of chargee(s) or trustee(s) for the debenture holders
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Statement of capital (Prescribed particulars of rights attached to shares)
  - OS MG04 (Continuation) Name of the trustees (if any) for the debenture holders
  - OS MG04 (Continuation) General description of the property charged
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Other registrable person (ORP)
  - SE CV01 (Continuation) Corporate director
  - Statement that part (or the whole) of the property charged (a) has been released from the charge; (b) no longer forms part of the company's property, for an overseas company
  - Notice of appointment of a liquidator of an overseas company
  - Notice by an overseas company on cessation of proceedings relating to insolvency
  - Conversion of UK Societas (UKS) to a Public Limited Company (PLC)
  - Notice of initiation or termination of winding-up, liquidation, insolvency or cessation of payment procedures and decision to continue operating of United Kingdom Societas (UKS)
  - Notice by an overseas company which becomes subject to proceedings relating to insolvency
  - Particulars for the registration of a charge to secure a series of debentures for an overseas company
  - Notice of termination of winding up of an overseas company
  - Notice of winding up of an overseas company
  - Notice of individual person with significant control (PSC) of a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Notice of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control of a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Change of details of individual person with significant control (PSC) of a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Notice of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control of a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Change of details of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control of a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Change of details of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control of a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Notice of ceasing to be an individual person with significant control (PSC), relevant legal entity (RLE), or other registrable person (ORP) of a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - PSC statements for a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Confirmation statement for a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Notice of individual person with significant control (PSC) of a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Update to PSC statements for a Scottish limited partnership (LP)
  - Confirmation statement for a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Notice of ceasing to be a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Change of details for a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - SQP2 (Continuation) Change of details for a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Second filing of a document previously delivered by a Scottish limited partnership or Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Notice of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control of a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Change of details of individual person with significant control (PSC) of a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Notice of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control of a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Notice of ceasing to be a person with significant control (PSC), relevant legal entity (RLE) or other registrable person (ORP) of a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Update to PSC statements for a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Notification of PSC statements for a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - SQP1 (Continuation) Individual PSC
  - SQP1 (Continuation) Other registrable person (ORP)
  - SQP1 (Continuation) Partner
  - SQP1 (Continuation) Relevant legal entity (RLE)
  - Registration of a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Change of details of other registrable person (ORP) with significant control of a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Change of details of relevant legal entity (RLE) with significant control of a Scottish qualifying partnership
  - Notice of appointment of liquidator voluntary winding up (members or creditors)
  - 600 (Continuation) Notice of appointment of liquidator in a members’ or creditors’ voluntary winding up
  - Application under section 1088 by an individual to make an address unavailable for public inspection
  - SR01 (Continuation) Document on the public register
D. Authority and execution
- Authority to bind the company
  
  The legal capacity and powers of a company are provided for by Part 4 of the Companies Act 2006. Directors are assumed to have the power to bind the company, even where the company’s constitution may limit the power so exercised: s 40. This allows third parties to rely on the authority of ...
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- Powers of attorney
  
  Corporate power of attorney Section 47 of the Companies Act 2006 allows an attorney, given the power by deed, to execute deeds or other documents on a company’s behalf. The power may be given to an individual or a company.
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- Execution of documents by companies
  
  Section 44 of the Companies Act 2006 sets out the requirements for the valid execution of documents by a company. Section 46 sets out how a company validly executes a deed, which requires a deed to be duly executed under s 44 and delivered as a deed. The legislation makes the ...
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- Corporate power of attorney
- Library of clauses for power of attorney
  - Company appoint attorney to conduct the business of the company
  - Company appoint attorney to execute documents
  - Director appointing substitute during absence
  - Discharge of mortgage
  - Mortgage
  - Purchase of land and property
  - Sale of land and property
E. Insolvency
- Insolvency
  
  Most businesses will owe money, especially when first being established, whether to suppliers or to a bank that provided funding for the set up costs of the business. A company can be cash flow insolvent or balance sheet insolvent, or both. Cash flow insolvency is where the company cannot pay its ...
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- Company voluntary arrangements
  
  Under a company voluntary arrangement, a company seeks to enter into an agreement with its creditors to repay some or all of its debts. The company proposes that each creditor receive an agreed percentage of their debt. To proceed 75% of the creditors must agree to the voluntary arrangement. The ...
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- Notice of voluntary arrangement taking effect
- Notice of termination or full implementation of voluntary arrangement
- Notice of order of revocation or suspension of voluntary arrangement
- Administration
  
  Administration is another method by which the company or its directors seek to rescue the business. An administrator is appointed, either by a qualifying floating charge holder, the company’s directors, or by an order of the court on application by the company, its directors, or creditors. The ...
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- Administration application
- Liquidation
  
  Where a company is unlikely to trade its way out of insolvency or restructure itself to avoid insolvency, liquidation is the most likely option. Liquidation brings about the closing of the business, winding up, and the sale of any assets to pay its debts. In most cases, only a small percentage of ...
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- Letter enclosing creditor's warning notice seeking debtor's proposal for payment of a debt
- Creditor's warning notice seeking debtor's proposal for payment of a debt
- Notice of appointment of liquidator in a winding-up by the court
- Notice of appointment of liquidator voluntary winding up (members or creditors)
- Receivership
  
  A receiver is appointed when a creditor wishes to protect their interests in a particular asset of the company. The powers of a receiver are more limited than those of an administrator or liquidator. The latter are appointed to protect the interests of the company or its creditors. In contrast, a ...
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- Notice of appointment of an administrative receiver, receiver or manager
- Schemes of arrangement
  
  A scheme of arrangement is a process under which the company arranges – or more accurately, re-arranges – its finances. Although this is not necessarily an insolvency process, it is often a path chosen by companies and agreed by shareholders and creditors to avoid insolvency. Court sanction is ...
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- Winding up
  
  Restrictions on the presentation of winding up petitions during COVID-19 were lifted on 31 March 2022. Afterwards the pre-COVID-19 rules apply. If the debtor company owes £750 and it can be shown that the company cannot pay, a winding up petition can be presented.
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- Winding-up petition
- Letter to court filing documents
- Letter to court filing Gazette notice and certificate of compliance
- Certificate of compliance
- List of appearances (Comp 5)
- Letter to client enclosing copy winding up order
- Creditors getting paid
  
  Following a winding up order the assets of the debtor pass into the hands of the liquidator. Creditors will receive funds when the assets are called in and divided. This can take some time and may not result in the entire balance being paid. Creditors are ranked in order or priority depending on ...
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- Distributing assets following insolvency
  
  There are rules as to the distribution of assets in the event of a company’s insolvency: see s 107 of the Insolvency Act 1986 and r 4.181 of the Insolvency Rules 1986. The key question is to establish what assets the company owns and whether they are subject to a charge. For example, an ...
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F. Finalising the matter
- Letter to client finalising matter
- Example invoice
- Invoice recital - Companies
- Enclosure - Explaining the bill
- Closing the file
- File closing checklist
- File review form - General
Comments and suggestions for By Lawyers

Business Structures and the Comparative Table

A comprehensive manual comparing various business structures.
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Overview

This publication is designed to assist when establishing a new business, acquiring an existing business, and changing business structures. It covers the essential elements and the advantages and disadvantages of each possible structure in relation to:
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A. Comparative table
- Comparative table
  
  The following table considers:
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B. The structures
- Sole trader
  
  A sole trader is the simplest business structure. The business has no separate legal existence from its owner. It is owned and run by one individual who is responsible for all debts and liabilities of the business. Sole traders may trade under their own name or register a business name at ...
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- Partnership
  
  A partnership is a relationship between two or more entities carrying on a business to make a profit. A minimum of two partners is required to form a partnership under s 1 of the Partnership Act 1890. There is a statutory maximum of 20 partners, but there are many permitted exceptions, ...
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- Company
  
  Private limited companies There are two different kinds of private limited companies; those where liability is limited by shares, and those where liability is limited by guarantee.
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- Joint venture
  
  A joint venture is not a separate legal entity but an agreement to act in concert for a particular purpose. It is a commercial relationship between two or more entities for a particular undertaking to realise mutual commercial gain. The parties forming a joint venture might each have unique ...
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- Not-for-profit organisations
  
  Associations Associations are not normally considered business structures as they serve to protect a committee and members of a group, usually conducting an activity that will not generate a profit.
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C. Comparing the structures
- Income tax
  
  Income tax is payable on the taxable income of an individual member of a legal structure depending on the type of structure and how the income is taken. The first payment for a new business is made in arears. For a tax year ending 5 April, a self-assessment tax return must be filed by the following ...
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- Capital gains tax
  
  Capital gains tax is applied to any profits made arising from the disposal of an item, for example, by selling, swapping, or giving it away. The gain is taxed, not the amount of money received. Disposals chargeable to capital gains tax include personal possessions except vehicles, additional ...
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- Stamp duty land tax
  
  Sole traders purchasing residential property are treated as individuals, and the same rates and reliefs apply. Partnerships own property in the individual names of the partners, and the individual rates and reliefs apply.
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- Corporation tax
  
  Limited companies pay corporation tax on trading profits, investments, and chargeable gains from selling assets such as land and property, equipment, machinery, or shares. All profits are taxable. There is one rate of tax appliable no matter the profit or gains made. This rate is lower than the ...
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- Asset protection
  
  A sole trader is liable to the full extent of their personal and business assets. In a partnership, the partners are liable for debts of the partnership, including being liable for debts incurred by a partner without the knowledge or authority of the other partners.
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- Control and succession
  
  Most clients seek to minimise their tax liability, protect their assets, and retain full control of their affairs. A sole trader has full control but as seen above is taxed on all income and capital gains and is fully exposed to creditors. Succession can be by way of sale or gifting the assets and ...
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- Set up and running costs
  
  The set-up costs for a sole trader are minimal and this structure also has the lowest running costs. In addition, the principal is not an employee of the business and therefore compulsory employee pension contributions, PAYE and employment rights do not apply. The drafting and signing of ...
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D. Other considerations
- Relationship between entities, names, and trade marks
  
  Many clients believe they have protected a trading name by registering a company name, business name, or domain name. This is not the case. A business name is merely a name under which a business operates. Companies must register with Companies House, and all who pay self-assessed tax must register ...
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- Guidance on giving tax advice
  
  Although tax advice often forms part of the general advice given to a client, practitioners need to bear in mind the following:
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This publication guides practitioners through setting up, running, and closing a company.

Overview

Precedents in this publication include:

2 Matter Plans Included

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